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Another common punishment was sentencing people to galley slavery, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships and forcing them to row on naval or merchant vessels. The possession of the right and the capability to imprison citizens, however, granted an air of legitimacy to officials at all levels of government, from kings to regional courts to city councils and the ability to have someone imprisoned or killed served as a signifier of who in society possessed power or authority over others. ĭuring the Middle Ages in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons.
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In Medieval Songhai, results of a trial could have led to confiscation of merchandise or imprisonment as a form of punishment, since various prisons existed in the empire. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to slavery, often in ergastula (a primitive form of prison where unruly slaves were chained to workbenches and performed hard labor). Forced labor on public works projects was also a common form of punishment. The Mamertine Prison was located within a sewer system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions, contaminated with human waste. One of the most notable Roman prisons was the Mamertine Prison, established around 640 B.C. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as metal cages, basements of public buildings, and quarries. The Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment, rather than simply for detention. The prison in Ancient Athens was known as the desmoterion ("place of chains"). Eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead. Imprisonment as a penalty was used initially for those who could not afford to pay their fines. Some Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform offenders instead of simply using it for its own sake. The use of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the state as a form of social organization. The galley pictured here belonged to the Mediterranean fleet of Louis XIV, c.
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Outside of North America, prison and jail often have the same meaning.Ī common punishment in Early Modern Europe was to be made a galley slave. for shorter sentences or pre-trial detention) and is usually operated by a local government, typically the county sheriff. A jail holds people for shorter periods of time (e.g. A prison or penitentiary holds people for longer periods of time, such as many years, and is operated by a state or federal government.
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In American English, the terms prison and jail have separate definitions, though this is not always followed in casual speech. In times of war, prisoners of war or detainees may be detained in military prisons or prisoner of war camps, and large groups of civilians might be imprisoned in internment camps. Their perceived opponents may be imprisoned for political crimes, often without trial or other legal due process this use is illegal under most forms of international law governing fair administration of justice. Prisons can also be used as a tool of political repression by authoritarian regimes. In simplest terms, a prison can also be described as a building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed. Prisons are most commonly used within a criminal justice system: people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial those pleading or being found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment. Ī prison, also known as a jail or gaol (dated, standard English, Australian, and historically in Canada), penitentiary ( American English and Canadian English), detention center (or detention centre outside the US), correction center, correctional facility, lock-up or remand center, is a facility in which inmates (or prisoners) are confined against their will and usually denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state as punishment for various crimes. The United States has both the world's largest prison population and the world's highest per capita incarceration rate. World map showing number of prisoners per 100,000 citizens, by country.